Showing posts with label of. Show all posts
Showing posts with label of. Show all posts
Wednesday, March 18, 2015
ANIMAL FUR CAN HELP INFANTS TO REDUCE RISK OF ASTHMA
WASHINGTON: Newborns who snooze on animal fur in the foremost three months are less probable to experience asthma in later childhood.
There is microbial environment in the animal’s fur and this microbial atmosphere in animal skin and fur could have a screening and a protective effect against asthma and allergic reactions. The study proposed. The study is managed at European Respiratory Society (ERS) International Congress in Munich regarded animal fur a very important bed for infants, a bed which can save infants from asthma.
Asthma:
Asthma is the chronic inflammatory disease that causes the air ducts of the lungs to swell and constrict by production of extra mucus which causes wheezing (out of breath), chest tightness, coughing and very difficulty in breathing.
Causes:
The widespread asthma is usually caused by:
- Pollen
- Mold
- Tobacco smoke
- Pet animals
- Respiratory infection
- Chemicals in foodstuff and atmosphere
- Medicines like Aspirin
- Strong emotions (stress)
Symptoms:
The most prominent symptoms of asthma are breathlessness(wheezing) and frequent coughing. Symptoms are:
- Cough with or without phlegm production
- Shortness of breath
- Intercostals retractions
- Abnormal breathing or breathing stops suddenly
- Bluish color to lips and face
- Severe drowsiness and confusion, during asthma attack
- Sweating during asthma attack
- Tremendous difficulty in breathing
The symptoms mentioned in bold are very severe and need a prompt medical help otherwise patient may die.
Asthma has no cure, only self-management and staying away from causes for asthma can help you to live a normallife.
The researchers collected data from experiments on 2,441 children.
Experiment:
The researchers exposed newborns (2,441) on animal fur for the first three months in which 55 percent are those who slept on animal fur for the first three months and collected data along with information on health until 10 years of age.
Results:
The outcome of experiments illustratesthat those who slumber on animal fur have reduced the hazard of a number of factors connected with asthma.
Researchers Words:
“An animal skin might also be a reservoir for various kinds of microbes, following similar mechanisms as has been observed in rural environments”, Tischer added.
Dr Christina Tischer, from the Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Centre, said “previous studies suggested that microbes found in rural settings could protect from asthma”.
In other words, those infants who enjoyed sleeping at soft, fluffy animal fur will also enjoy advanced life with reduced vulnerability of asthma.
The researchers suggested parents for the protection of their newborns to give them sleep on the animal fur bed.
Tuesday, March 17, 2015
Quote of the Week
~ Rita Mae Brown
Sunday, March 15, 2015
Te Lindes Atlas of Gynecologic Surgery PDF 2014
Click here "Download" or Mirror Link (Download)
Password: chyyong
Click share for more medical books
Pathogenesis of GN
Primary GN: eg minimal change GN, membranous GN
Secondary GN: DM, Amyloidosis,
3 mechanisms:
1.Nephritis Caused by Circulating Immune Complexes :
type III hypersensitivity
Endogenous antigen eg SLE(systemic lupus erythematosus)
Exogenous antigen:bacterial (streptococcal), viral (hepatitis B), parasitic (Plasmodium falciparum malaria), and spirochetal (Treponema pallidum)
Immune complexes are trapped in the glomeruli, where they produce injury, by activation of complement and the recruitment of leukocytes
electron-dense deposits or clumps that lie at one of three sites: in the mesangium, between the endothelial cells and the GBM (subendothelial deposits), or between the outer surface of the GBM and the podocytes (subepithelial deposits).
When fluoresceinated anti-immunoglobulin or anti-complement antibodies are used, the immune complexes are seen as granular deposits in the glomerulus
May be an acute event or chronic: such as in hepatitis B virus infection and self nuclear antigens in SLE
2. Nephritis Caused by In Situ Immune Complexes
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane (GBM) Antibody eg Goodpasture syndrome
linear pattern of staining when the bound antibodies are visualized with immunofluorescence
cross-react with basement membranes of lung alveoli also
Can be previously "planted" nonglomerular antigens
antibodies directed to distal zones of the GBM (epithelium and subepithelium) are largely noninflammatory
3. Podocyte Injury: reflected by morphologic changes in the podocytes, which include effacement of foot processes, vacuolization, and retraction and detachment of cells from the GBM, and functionally by proteinuria. Seen in minimal change GN
4. Nephron Loss: glomerulosclerosis that occurs as an adaptive change in the remaining glomeruli not destroyed by the initial disease
End result is activation of complement (mainly C5a) and the recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes. Neutrophils release proteases, which cause GBM degradation; oxygen-derived free radicals, which cause cell damage; and arachidonic acid metabolites, which contribute to reduction in GFR
C5-C9 lytic component (membrane attack complex) of complement, which causes epithelial cell detachment
monocytes and macrophages, platelets, epithelial, mesangial, and endothelial cells of glomerulus, and fibrin-related products are the main mediators of injury
Summary of immune injury in GN
In Situ Immune Complex Deposition
collagen type IV antigen (anti-GBM nephritis)
Heymann antigen (membranous glomerulopathy)
Mesangial antigens
Planted antigens
Exogenous (infectious agents, drugs)
Endogenous (DNA, nuclear proteins,
immunoglobulins, immune complexes, IgA)
Circulating Immune Complex Deposition
Endogenous antigens (e.g., DNA, tumor antigens)
Exogenous antigens (e.g., infectious products)
Cytotoxic Antibodies
Cell-Mediated Immune Injury
Activation of Alternative Complement Pathway.
Antibody-mediated glomerular injury can result either from the deposition of circulating immune complexes (A) or, more commonly, from in situ formation of complexes exemplified by anti-GBM disease (B) or Heymann nephritis (C).
Two patterns of deposition of immune complexes as seen by immunofluorescence microscopy: granular,characteristic of circulating and in situ immune complex nephritis (D) and linear, characteristic of classic anti-GBM disease
Epithelial cell injury. The postulated sequence is a consequence of antibodies against epithelial cell antigens, toxins, cytokines, or other factors causing injury with foot process effacement and sometimes detachment of epithelial cells and protein leakage through defective GBM and filtration slits.
Mechanisms of chronic tubulointerstitial injury in glomerulonephritis
Mediators of immune glomerular injury including cells and soluble mediators
Mechanisms of chronic tubulointerstitial injury in glomerulonephritisJoints of Upper Lower Limb and Skull
Joints of upper limb
Joints of should girdle
Sternoclavicular joint
Bones: sternal end of clavicle, clavicular notch of sternum, and first costal cartilage
Articular capsule:
strong and is reinforced by anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments An articular disc is attached to the capsule, dividing the joint into two cavities.
Movements: elevation and depression, forward and backward, rotation and circumduction of the acromial end of the clavicle
Acromioclavicular joint
Bones: acromion and acromial end of clavicle
Movement: rotation of scapula on clavicle
Coracoacromial arch:
formed by coracoacromial ligament, coranoid process, and acromion, that prevents the shoulder joint from superior dislocation.
Joints of free upper limb
Shoulder joint
(ball and socket)
Bones:
head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
Capsule:
Thin and lax, especially lower part
Attachments: proximal to glenoid labrum; distal to anatomical neck of humerus, except medially where it is slightly distal to surgical neck
Tendon of long head of biceps brachii passes though the cavity
Accessory structures
Glenoid labrum: fibrocartilaginous ring on periphery of glenoid cavity
Coracohumeral ligament :runs from coracoid process to greater tubercle
Movements: flexion,
extension, adduction,
abduction, medial and
lateral rotation,
circumduction
Elbow joint
Bones: lower end of humerus, upper ends of radius and ulna
Humeroulnar joint :
formed by trochlear of humerus and troclear noch (hinge)
Humeroradial joint:
formed by capitulum of humerus and head of radius (ball and socket)
Proximal radioulnar joint:
formed by articular circumference of radius and radial notch of ulna
Capsule:
thin and lax anteriorly and posteriorly, strongly thickened on either side by collateral ligaments
Ligaments:
Radial collacteral ligament:
attached to lateral epicondyle and annular ligament of radius
Ulnar collacteral ligament:
attached to medial epicondyle to medial border of trochlear notch
Annular ligament of radius: attached to anterior and posterior margins of radial notch of ulna, surrounds the head of radius
Movements:
flexion and extension,
pronation and supination
Joints between radius and ulna
Proximal radioulnar joint
Distal radioulnar joint: formed by head of ulna, ulnar notch of radius and an articular disc
Interosseous membrane of forearm: a fibrous membrane between the shaft of radius and ulna
Joints of hand
Radiocarpal joint (ellipsoid)
Bones
Carpal articular surface of radius and articular disc below the ulna
Proximal row of carpal: scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones, but not pisiform
Capsule: lax and strengthened by surrounding ligament
Movements: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
Intercarpal joints
Carpometacarpal joints
Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Bones: trapezium and base of first metacarpal
Movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and opposition
Intermetacarpal joints
Metacarpophalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints
Joints of Lower limb
Joints of pelvic girdle
Sacroiliac joint
Bones: auricular surface of sacrum and ilium
Capsule: very tight and strengthened by ligaments
Vertebropelvic ligaments
Iliolumbal ligament: runs from transverse process of L5 to the posterosuperior part of iliac crest
Sacrotuberous ligament:
runs from lateral margins of sacrum and coccyx to the inner margin of ischial tuberosity
Sacrospinous ligament:
runs from ischial spine to lateral margins of sacrum and coccyx
These two ligaments convert the sciatic notches the greater and lesser sciatic foramina
Pubic symphysis
Articulation:
symphysial surface and interpubic disc (fibrocartilage)
Ligaments: superior pubic ligament and arcuate pubic ligament
Obturator membrane
Obturator canal
Bony pelvis
Composition:
formed by paired hip bones, sacrum, coccyx, and their articulations
In anatomical position, anterior superior iliac spines and pubic tubercles on same vertical plane, while the tip of coccyx and superior border of pubic symphysis on same horizontal plane.
Terminal line:
formed by promontory of sacrum, arcuate line, pectin of pubis, pubic tubercle, upper border of pubic symphysis
Two portions: a greater pelvis and a lesser pelvis
Lesser pelvis
pelvic inlet (terminal line):
Pelvic outlet :
formed by tip of coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament, ischial tuberosity, ramus of ischium, inferior ramus of pubic, symphysis
Pelvic cavity
Pubic arch, subpubic angle
Main difference between male and femal pelvis
Joints of free lower limb
Hip joint
Bones: acetabulum and femoral head
Articular capsule attachments
Above: margins of acetabulum and transverse acetebular ligament
Below: in front to intertrochanteric line; behind, to the neck of femur above 1 cm above the intertrochanteric crest
Accessory structures
Acetabulum labrum; transverse acetebular ligament
Ligaments
Iliofemoral lig.
Ligament of head of femur
Pubofemoral lig.
Ischiofemoral ligament
Zona orbicularis
Movement:
flexion, extention, adduction, abduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction
Knee joint
Bones: lower end of femur, upper end of tibia and patella
Articular capsule: superapatellar bursa,
deep infrapatellar bursa, ala folds
Accessory structures
ligaments
Patellar lig.
Fibular collateral lig.
Tibial collateral lig.
Oblique popliteal ligament
Anterior cruciate ligment
Posterior cruciate ligament
Medial meniscus (C-shaped)
lateral meniscus (O-shaped)
Movements: flexion and extension; flexed knee joint may be passively rotated through 700
Tibiofibular syndesmosis
Tibiofibular joint
Crural interosseous membrane
Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
Joint of foot
Talocrural joint (ankle joint)
Bones: lower ends of tibia and fibula, trochlea of talus
Articular capsule: thin and lax in front and behind, and supported on each side by strong collateral ligaments.
Medial lig.
Lateral lig.
Anterior talofibular lig.
Calcaneofibular lig.
Posterior talofibular lig.
Movements:
dosiflexion (extension) and plantar flexion (flexion); when the ankle joint is fully plantar flexed, small amounts of abduction, and adduction are possible.
Intertarsal joints
Talocalcaneal joint
Talocalcaneonavicular joint
Calcaneocuboid joint
Tarsometatarsal joints
Intermetatarsal joints
Metatarsophalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints
Arches of foot
Medial longitudinal arch:
formed by calcaneus, navicular, three cuneiforms and first to third metatarsal bones, head of talus is the keystone of this arch
Lateral longitudinal arch:
formed by calcaneus, cuboid, fourth and fifth metatarsals; cuboid is the keystone of this arch.
Tranverse arch:
formed by cuboid, three cuniforms and all metatarsals; the intermediate cuneiform is the keystone of this arch
Function: give to foot strength stability and resilience; protect plantar vessels and nerves
Joints of skull
Continuous joints: sutures, synchondrosis or synosteosis
Temporomandibular joint
Aticulating surfaces
Mandibular fossa and articular tubercle, above
Head of mandibule, below
Capsule: thin and lax in front and behind; strengthened by the lateral ligament
Articular disc: separates surfaces, forming upper and lower compartments within joint
Movement: mandible may be elevated or depressed, protruded or retracted; rotation may also occurs as in chewing( a slight amount of side to side movement is also permitted)
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