Showing posts with label and. Show all posts
Showing posts with label and. Show all posts
Wednesday, March 18, 2015
Jack and the Beanstalk Fairy Tale
Once upon a time there was a poor widow who had an only son named Jack and a cow named Milky-White.
And all they had to live on was the milk the cow gave every morning, which they carried to the market and sold.
But one morning Milky-White gave no milk, and they didnt know what to do.
"What shall we do, what shall we do?" cried the widow, wringing her hands.
"Cheer up, mother, Ill go and get work somewhere," said Jack.
"Weve tried that before, and nobody would take you," said his mother. "We must sell Milky-White and with the money start a shop or something."
"All right, mother," said Jack. "Its market day today. Ill soon sell Milky-White, and then well see what we can do."
So he took the cows halter in his hand and off he started. He hadnt gone far when he met a funny-looking old man who said to him, "Good morning, Jack."
"Good morning to you," said Jack, wondering how the man knew his name.
"Well, Jack, where are you off to?" asked the man.
"Im going to the market to sell our cow."
"Oh, you look the proper sort of chap to sell cows," said the man. "I wonder if you know how many beans make five?"
"Two in each hand and one in your mouth," said Jack, as sharp as a needle.
"Right you are," said the man. "And here they are, the very beans themselves," he went on, pulling out of his pocket a number of strange-looking beans.
"As you are so sharp," said he, "I dont mind doing a swop with you—your cow for these beans."
"Go along," says Jack; "wouldnt you like that!"
"Ah! you dont know what these beans are," said the man. "If you plant them tonight, by morning they will grow right up to the sky."
"Really?" said Jack. "You dont say so."
"Yes, that is so. And if it doesnt turn out to be true, you can have your cow back."
"Right," said Jack, handing him Milky-Whites halter and pocketing the beans.
As Jack hadnt gone very far, it wasnt even dusk by the time he got to his door.
"Back already, Jack?" said his mother. "I see you havent got Milky-White, so youve sold her. How much did you get for her?"
"Youll never guess, mother," said Jack.
"What was it? Five pounds, ten, fifteen? No, it cant be twenty."
"I knew you couldnt guess. What do you say to these beans?
Theyre magical, plant them tonight and—"
"What!" cried Jacks mother,
"Have you been such a fool, such an idiot, as to give away my Milky-White for these beans? Take that! Take that! Take that! And as for your precious beans, here they go out the window! Now off with you to bed. Therell be no supper for you!"
So Jack went upstairs to his little room in the attic, a sad and sorry boy.
When Jack woke up, the room looked very strange.
The sun was shining into part of it, yet all the rest was quite dark and shady. So Jack jumped up and dressed himself and went to the window.
And what do you think he saw?
Why, the beans his mother had thrown out of the window into the garden had sprung up into a big beanstalk that went up and up and up till it reached the sky!
So the man spoke truth after all.
The beanstalk grew quite close to Jacks window.
All he had to do was open the window and jump on to the beanstalk, which ran up just like a big ladder.
Jack climbed and climbed and climbed till at last he reached the sky. And when he got there he found a long, broad road going as straight as an arrow. So he walked along the road till he came to a great big tall house. And on the doorstep there was a great big tall woman.
"Good morning, mum," said Jack, politely.
"Could you be so kind as to give me some breakfast?"
"Its breakfast you want, is it?" cried the great big tall woman.
"Its breakfast youll be if you dont move off from here. My man is an Ogre, and theres nothing he likes better than boys broiled on toast."
"Oh! please mum, do give me something to eat. Ive had nothing to eat since yesterday morning, really and truly, mum."
Well, the Ogres wife was not half as bad as she looked or sounded. So she took Jack into the kitchen and gave him some bread and cheese and a jug of milk. But Jack hadnt half finished when he heard a great thump! thump! thump! and the whole house began to tremble.
"Goodness gracious me! Its my old man," said the Ogres wife.
"What on earth shall I do? Come along quick and jump in here." And she bundled Jack into the oven just as the Ogre came in.
He was a big one, to be sure. At his belt he had three calves strung up by the heels. He unhooked them and threw them down on the table and said: "Here, wife, fix me these for breakfast. Ah, whats this I smell?
Fee-fi-fo-fum, I smell the blood of an Englishman. Be he alive, or be he dead, Ill have his bones to grind my bread." ?
"Nonsense, dear," said his wife, "youre dreaming. Or perhaps you smell the scraps of that little boy you had for yesterdays dinner. Go and wash, and by the time you come back your breakfastll be ready for you."
So off the Ogre went.
Jack was just going to jump out of the oven and run away when the woman told him to stay. "Wait till hes asleep," she said. "He always has a nap after breakfast."
After breakfast, the Ogre went to a big chest and took out a couple of bags of gold. He sat down and began to count, till at last his head started to nod and he began to snore till the whole house shook.
Then Jack crept out of the oven.
Taking one of the bags of gold, he ran until he came to the beanstalk. Then he threw down the bag of gold into his mothers garden and climbed down and down till at last he got home.
He showed his mother the gold and said, "Well, mother, wasnt I right about the beans? They are really magical, you see."
They lived on the gold for some time, but at last it came to an end. So Jack made up his mind to try his luck once more up at the top of the beanstalk.
One fine morning he rose early and climbed and climbed and climbed till at last he came out to the road again and walked up it to the great big tall house. There, sure enough, was the great big tall woman standing on the doorstep.
"Good morning, mum," said Jack, as bold as brass. "Could you be so good as to give me something to eat?"
"Go away, my boy," said the big tall woman, "or else my man will eat you for breakfast. But arent you the lad who came here once before? Do you know that very day my man missed one of his bags of gold?"
"Thats strange, mum," said Jack, "I dare say I could tell you something about that, but Im so hungry I cant speak till Ive had something to eat."
Well, the big tall woman was so curious that she took Jack in and gave him something to eat. But he had scarcely begun munching it as slowly as he could when thump! thump! thump! they heard the giants footsteps.
"Into the oven with you!" cried the Ogres wife. "You can tell me about the gold when he goes to sleep."
came the Ogre, with three great oxen tied to his belt. Throwing them down, he began to sniff the air.
"Fee -fi-fo-fum, I smell the blood of an Englishman.
Be he alive, or be he dead, Ill have his bones to grind my bread."
"Nonsense, dear," said his wife. "Its only the bones of the boy you ate last week. They are still in the garbage."
"Humph! Well, broil these oxen over the fire and Ill have breakfast."
After he had eaten, the Ogre said, "Wife, bring me the hen that lays the golden eggs."
So she brought the hen and the Ogre said: "Lay," and it laid an egg all of gold. And then the Ogre began to nod his head and snore till the house shook.
Then Jack crept out of the oven, caught hold of the golden hen, and was off before you could say "Jack Robinson." But the hen gave a cackle which woke the Ogre. Just as Jack got out of the house, he heard him calling:
"Wife, what have you done with my golden hen?"
But that was all Jack heard, for he rushed to the beanstalk and climbed down like a house on fire. When he got home, he showed his mother the wonderful hen, and said "Lay." And it laid a golden egg every time he said "Lay."
Well, it wasnt long before Jack determined to have another try at his luck. So one fine morning, he rose early, got on to the beanstalk, and climbed and climbed and climbed till he got to the top. But this time he knew better than to go straight to the Ogres house.
When he got near it, he waited behind a bush till he saw the Ogres wife come out with a pail to get some water.
Jack then crept into the house and hid in a huge copper pot. He hadnt been there long when he heard thump! thump! thump! as before, and in came the Ogre and his wife.
"Fee-fi-fo-fum, I smell the blood of an Englishman," cried the Ogre.
"I smell him, wife, I smell him."
"Do you, dearie?" said the Ogres wife.
"If its that little rascal who stole your gold and the hen that laid the golden eggs, hes sure to be in the oven."
And they both rushed to the oven. But Jack wasnt there, luckily, and the Ogres wife said, "There you go again with your fee-fi-fo-fum.
Why of course its the boy you caught last night that Ive just broiled for your breakfast."
So the Ogre sat down to breakfast, but every now and then he would mutter, "Well, I could have sworn—" and hed get up and search the cupboards. Luckily, he didnt think of the copper pot.
After breakfast was over, the Ogre called out, "Wife, wife, bring me my golden harp." So she brought out the little harp and put it on the table before him.
Then he said: "Sing!" and the tiny golden harp sang most beautifully. And it went on singing till the Ogre fell asleep, and commenced to snore like thunder.
Then Jack very quietly lifted up the lid of the big pot, and got out like a mouse, and crept on hands and knees till he came to the table. He crawled up until he could reach the golden harp. Then he dropped to the floor and, holding the harp under his arm, dashed towards the door. But the harp called out, "Master! Master!" and the Ogre woke up just in time to see Jack running off with his harp.
Jack ran as fast as he could, and the Ogre came rushing after him. When Jack got to the beanstalk, he began to climb down for dear life. Well, the Ogre didnt like trusting himself to such a ladder. While he stood there, Jack got another start.
But just then the harp cried out: "Master! Master!" and the Ogre swung himself down on to the beanstalk, which shook with his weight. By this time Jack had climbed down till he was nearly home. So he called out,
"Mother! Mother! Bring me the ax, bring me the ax." And his mother came rushing out with the ax in her hand.
Jack jumped down, took the ax, and gave a chop at the beanstalk. The Ogre felt the beanstalk shake and quiver. Then Jack gave another chop with the ax, and the beanstalk began to topple over. Then the Ogre fell down and broke his crown, and the beanstalk came toppling after.
What with showing the people the singing harp, and selling the golden eggs that the hen laid, Jack and his mother soon became very rich. Jack then married a beautiful princess and they lived happily ever after.
Read more »
And all they had to live on was the milk the cow gave every morning, which they carried to the market and sold.
But one morning Milky-White gave no milk, and they didnt know what to do.
"What shall we do, what shall we do?" cried the widow, wringing her hands.
"Cheer up, mother, Ill go and get work somewhere," said Jack.
"Weve tried that before, and nobody would take you," said his mother. "We must sell Milky-White and with the money start a shop or something."
"All right, mother," said Jack. "Its market day today. Ill soon sell Milky-White, and then well see what we can do."
So he took the cows halter in his hand and off he started. He hadnt gone far when he met a funny-looking old man who said to him, "Good morning, Jack."
"Good morning to you," said Jack, wondering how the man knew his name.
"Well, Jack, where are you off to?" asked the man.
"Im going to the market to sell our cow."
"Oh, you look the proper sort of chap to sell cows," said the man. "I wonder if you know how many beans make five?"
"Two in each hand and one in your mouth," said Jack, as sharp as a needle.
"Right you are," said the man. "And here they are, the very beans themselves," he went on, pulling out of his pocket a number of strange-looking beans.
"As you are so sharp," said he, "I dont mind doing a swop with you—your cow for these beans."
"Go along," says Jack; "wouldnt you like that!"
"Ah! you dont know what these beans are," said the man. "If you plant them tonight, by morning they will grow right up to the sky."
"Really?" said Jack. "You dont say so."
"Yes, that is so. And if it doesnt turn out to be true, you can have your cow back."
"Right," said Jack, handing him Milky-Whites halter and pocketing the beans.
As Jack hadnt gone very far, it wasnt even dusk by the time he got to his door.
"Back already, Jack?" said his mother. "I see you havent got Milky-White, so youve sold her. How much did you get for her?"
"Youll never guess, mother," said Jack.
"What was it? Five pounds, ten, fifteen? No, it cant be twenty."
"I knew you couldnt guess. What do you say to these beans?
Theyre magical, plant them tonight and—"
"What!" cried Jacks mother,
"Have you been such a fool, such an idiot, as to give away my Milky-White for these beans? Take that! Take that! Take that! And as for your precious beans, here they go out the window! Now off with you to bed. Therell be no supper for you!"
So Jack went upstairs to his little room in the attic, a sad and sorry boy.
When Jack woke up, the room looked very strange.
The sun was shining into part of it, yet all the rest was quite dark and shady. So Jack jumped up and dressed himself and went to the window.
And what do you think he saw?
Why, the beans his mother had thrown out of the window into the garden had sprung up into a big beanstalk that went up and up and up till it reached the sky!
So the man spoke truth after all.
The beanstalk grew quite close to Jacks window.
All he had to do was open the window and jump on to the beanstalk, which ran up just like a big ladder.
Jack climbed and climbed and climbed till at last he reached the sky. And when he got there he found a long, broad road going as straight as an arrow. So he walked along the road till he came to a great big tall house. And on the doorstep there was a great big tall woman.
"Good morning, mum," said Jack, politely.
"Could you be so kind as to give me some breakfast?"
"Its breakfast you want, is it?" cried the great big tall woman.
"Its breakfast youll be if you dont move off from here. My man is an Ogre, and theres nothing he likes better than boys broiled on toast."
"Oh! please mum, do give me something to eat. Ive had nothing to eat since yesterday morning, really and truly, mum."
Well, the Ogres wife was not half as bad as she looked or sounded. So she took Jack into the kitchen and gave him some bread and cheese and a jug of milk. But Jack hadnt half finished when he heard a great thump! thump! thump! and the whole house began to tremble.
"Goodness gracious me! Its my old man," said the Ogres wife.
"What on earth shall I do? Come along quick and jump in here." And she bundled Jack into the oven just as the Ogre came in.
He was a big one, to be sure. At his belt he had three calves strung up by the heels. He unhooked them and threw them down on the table and said: "Here, wife, fix me these for breakfast. Ah, whats this I smell?
Fee-fi-fo-fum, I smell the blood of an Englishman. Be he alive, or be he dead, Ill have his bones to grind my bread." ?
"Nonsense, dear," said his wife, "youre dreaming. Or perhaps you smell the scraps of that little boy you had for yesterdays dinner. Go and wash, and by the time you come back your breakfastll be ready for you."
So off the Ogre went.
Jack was just going to jump out of the oven and run away when the woman told him to stay. "Wait till hes asleep," she said. "He always has a nap after breakfast."
After breakfast, the Ogre went to a big chest and took out a couple of bags of gold. He sat down and began to count, till at last his head started to nod and he began to snore till the whole house shook.
Then Jack crept out of the oven.
Taking one of the bags of gold, he ran until he came to the beanstalk. Then he threw down the bag of gold into his mothers garden and climbed down and down till at last he got home.
He showed his mother the gold and said, "Well, mother, wasnt I right about the beans? They are really magical, you see."
They lived on the gold for some time, but at last it came to an end. So Jack made up his mind to try his luck once more up at the top of the beanstalk.
One fine morning he rose early and climbed and climbed and climbed till at last he came out to the road again and walked up it to the great big tall house. There, sure enough, was the great big tall woman standing on the doorstep.
"Good morning, mum," said Jack, as bold as brass. "Could you be so good as to give me something to eat?"
"Go away, my boy," said the big tall woman, "or else my man will eat you for breakfast. But arent you the lad who came here once before? Do you know that very day my man missed one of his bags of gold?"
"Thats strange, mum," said Jack, "I dare say I could tell you something about that, but Im so hungry I cant speak till Ive had something to eat."
Well, the big tall woman was so curious that she took Jack in and gave him something to eat. But he had scarcely begun munching it as slowly as he could when thump! thump! thump! they heard the giants footsteps.
"Into the oven with you!" cried the Ogres wife. "You can tell me about the gold when he goes to sleep."
came the Ogre, with three great oxen tied to his belt. Throwing them down, he began to sniff the air.
"Fee -fi-fo-fum, I smell the blood of an Englishman.
Be he alive, or be he dead, Ill have his bones to grind my bread."
"Nonsense, dear," said his wife. "Its only the bones of the boy you ate last week. They are still in the garbage."
"Humph! Well, broil these oxen over the fire and Ill have breakfast."
After he had eaten, the Ogre said, "Wife, bring me the hen that lays the golden eggs."
So she brought the hen and the Ogre said: "Lay," and it laid an egg all of gold. And then the Ogre began to nod his head and snore till the house shook.
Then Jack crept out of the oven, caught hold of the golden hen, and was off before you could say "Jack Robinson." But the hen gave a cackle which woke the Ogre. Just as Jack got out of the house, he heard him calling:
"Wife, what have you done with my golden hen?"
But that was all Jack heard, for he rushed to the beanstalk and climbed down like a house on fire. When he got home, he showed his mother the wonderful hen, and said "Lay." And it laid a golden egg every time he said "Lay."
Well, it wasnt long before Jack determined to have another try at his luck. So one fine morning, he rose early, got on to the beanstalk, and climbed and climbed and climbed till he got to the top. But this time he knew better than to go straight to the Ogres house.
When he got near it, he waited behind a bush till he saw the Ogres wife come out with a pail to get some water.
Jack then crept into the house and hid in a huge copper pot. He hadnt been there long when he heard thump! thump! thump! as before, and in came the Ogre and his wife.
"Fee-fi-fo-fum, I smell the blood of an Englishman," cried the Ogre.
"I smell him, wife, I smell him."
"Do you, dearie?" said the Ogres wife.
"If its that little rascal who stole your gold and the hen that laid the golden eggs, hes sure to be in the oven."
And they both rushed to the oven. But Jack wasnt there, luckily, and the Ogres wife said, "There you go again with your fee-fi-fo-fum.
Why of course its the boy you caught last night that Ive just broiled for your breakfast."
So the Ogre sat down to breakfast, but every now and then he would mutter, "Well, I could have sworn—" and hed get up and search the cupboards. Luckily, he didnt think of the copper pot.
After breakfast was over, the Ogre called out, "Wife, wife, bring me my golden harp." So she brought out the little harp and put it on the table before him.
Then he said: "Sing!" and the tiny golden harp sang most beautifully. And it went on singing till the Ogre fell asleep, and commenced to snore like thunder.
Then Jack very quietly lifted up the lid of the big pot, and got out like a mouse, and crept on hands and knees till he came to the table. He crawled up until he could reach the golden harp. Then he dropped to the floor and, holding the harp under his arm, dashed towards the door. But the harp called out, "Master! Master!" and the Ogre woke up just in time to see Jack running off with his harp.
Jack ran as fast as he could, and the Ogre came rushing after him. When Jack got to the beanstalk, he began to climb down for dear life. Well, the Ogre didnt like trusting himself to such a ladder. While he stood there, Jack got another start.
But just then the harp cried out: "Master! Master!" and the Ogre swung himself down on to the beanstalk, which shook with his weight. By this time Jack had climbed down till he was nearly home. So he called out,
"Mother! Mother! Bring me the ax, bring me the ax." And his mother came rushing out with the ax in her hand.Jack jumped down, took the ax, and gave a chop at the beanstalk. The Ogre felt the beanstalk shake and quiver. Then Jack gave another chop with the ax, and the beanstalk began to topple over. Then the Ogre fell down and broke his crown, and the beanstalk came toppling after.
What with showing the people the singing harp, and selling the golden eggs that the hen laid, Jack and his mother soon became very rich. Jack then married a beautiful princess and they lived happily ever after.
Monday, March 16, 2015
Difference between Esophageal varices and Mallory Weiss syndrome
- Laceration at the GE junction due to severe prolonged vomiting (MW syndrome)
- Dilated submucosal veins in the lower third of the esophagus ,usually secondary to portal hypertension (EV)
- Most Common Cause : alcoholism in (MW syndrome) , Cirrhosis in (EV)
- Presentation : Mild hematemesis in (MW syndrome) , Massive hematemesis when ruptured in (EV)
- Complication : Boerhaave syndrome (esophageal rupture) in (MW syndrome) , Potentially fatal hemorrhage in (EV)
both can possibly lead to death in alcoholics.
PLANES AND SECTIONS
PLANES AND SECTIONS
PLANE
imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts
MIDLINE
is an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides.
SECTION
is a cut of a body or one of its organ made along one of the planes.
1. SAGITTAL PLANE
a. MIDSAGITTAL/ MEDIAN PLANE
b. PARASAGITTAL PLANE
1. SAGITTAL PLANE
sagitt= arrow
is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides
a. MIDSAGITTAL/ MEDIAN PLANE
divides the body or organ into equal right and left sides
b. PARASAGITTAL PLANE
para=near
divides the body or organ into unequal right and left sides.
2. CORONAL/ FRONTAL PLANE
corona= crown
divides the body organ into anterior and posterior portions.
3. TRANSVERSE / CROSS SECTIONAL/ HORIZONTAL PLANE
divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions.
Sagittal, frontal and transverse plane are all right angles to one another.
4. OBLIQUE PLANE
passes through the body or an organ at an angle between a transverse plane and a sagittal plane
OR
between a transverse plane and a frontal plane.
Read more »
PLANE
imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts
MIDLINE
is an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides.
SECTION
is a cut of a body or one of its organ made along one of the planes.
1. SAGITTAL PLANE
a. MIDSAGITTAL/ MEDIAN PLANE
b. PARASAGITTAL PLANE
2. CORONAL/ FRONTAL PLANE
3. TRANSVERSE / CROSS SECTIONAL/ HORIZONTAL PLANE
4. OBLIQUE PLANE
sagitt= arrow
is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides
a. MIDSAGITTAL/ MEDIAN PLANE
divides the body or organ into equal right and left sides
b. PARASAGITTAL PLANE
para=near
divides the body or organ into unequal right and left sides.
2. CORONAL/ FRONTAL PLANE
corona= crown
divides the body organ into anterior and posterior portions.
3. TRANSVERSE / CROSS SECTIONAL/ HORIZONTAL PLANE
divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions.
Sagittal, frontal and transverse plane are all right angles to one another.
4. OBLIQUE PLANE
passes through the body or an organ at an angle between a transverse plane and a sagittal plane
OR
between a transverse plane and a frontal plane.
Sunday, March 15, 2015
Joints of Upper Lower Limb and Skull
Joints of upper limb
Joints of should girdle
Sternoclavicular joint
Bones: sternal end of clavicle, clavicular notch of sternum, and first costal cartilage
Articular capsule:
strong and is reinforced by anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments An articular disc is attached to the capsule, dividing the joint into two cavities.
Movements: elevation and depression, forward and backward, rotation and circumduction of the acromial end of the clavicle
Acromioclavicular joint
Bones: acromion and acromial end of clavicle
Movement: rotation of scapula on clavicle
Coracoacromial arch:
formed by coracoacromial ligament, coranoid process, and acromion, that prevents the shoulder joint from superior dislocation.
Joints of free upper limb
Shoulder joint
(ball and socket)
Bones:
head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
Capsule:
Thin and lax, especially lower part
Attachments: proximal to glenoid labrum; distal to anatomical neck of humerus, except medially where it is slightly distal to surgical neck
Tendon of long head of biceps brachii passes though the cavity
Accessory structures
Glenoid labrum: fibrocartilaginous ring on periphery of glenoid cavity
Coracohumeral ligament :runs from coracoid process to greater tubercle
Movements: flexion,
extension, adduction,
abduction, medial and
lateral rotation,
circumduction
Elbow joint
Bones: lower end of humerus, upper ends of radius and ulna
Humeroulnar joint :
formed by trochlear of humerus and troclear noch (hinge)
Humeroradial joint:
formed by capitulum of humerus and head of radius (ball and socket)
Proximal radioulnar joint:
formed by articular circumference of radius and radial notch of ulna
Capsule:
thin and lax anteriorly and posteriorly, strongly thickened on either side by collateral ligaments
Ligaments:
Radial collacteral ligament:
attached to lateral epicondyle and annular ligament of radius
Ulnar collacteral ligament:
attached to medial epicondyle to medial border of trochlear notch
Annular ligament of radius: attached to anterior and posterior margins of radial notch of ulna, surrounds the head of radius
Movements:
flexion and extension,
pronation and supination
Joints between radius and ulna
Proximal radioulnar joint
Distal radioulnar joint: formed by head of ulna, ulnar notch of radius and an articular disc
Interosseous membrane of forearm: a fibrous membrane between the shaft of radius and ulna
Joints of hand
Radiocarpal joint (ellipsoid)
Bones
Carpal articular surface of radius and articular disc below the ulna
Proximal row of carpal: scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones, but not pisiform
Capsule: lax and strengthened by surrounding ligament
Movements: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
Intercarpal joints
Carpometacarpal joints
Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Bones: trapezium and base of first metacarpal
Movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and opposition
Intermetacarpal joints
Metacarpophalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints
Joints of Lower limb
Joints of pelvic girdle
Sacroiliac joint
Bones: auricular surface of sacrum and ilium
Capsule: very tight and strengthened by ligaments
Vertebropelvic ligaments
Iliolumbal ligament: runs from transverse process of L5 to the posterosuperior part of iliac crest
Sacrotuberous ligament:
runs from lateral margins of sacrum and coccyx to the inner margin of ischial tuberosity
Sacrospinous ligament:
runs from ischial spine to lateral margins of sacrum and coccyx
These two ligaments convert the sciatic notches the greater and lesser sciatic foramina
Pubic symphysis
Articulation:
symphysial surface and interpubic disc (fibrocartilage)
Ligaments: superior pubic ligament and arcuate pubic ligament
Obturator membrane
Obturator canal
Bony pelvis
Composition:
formed by paired hip bones, sacrum, coccyx, and their articulations
In anatomical position, anterior superior iliac spines and pubic tubercles on same vertical plane, while the tip of coccyx and superior border of pubic symphysis on same horizontal plane.
Terminal line:
formed by promontory of sacrum, arcuate line, pectin of pubis, pubic tubercle, upper border of pubic symphysis
Two portions: a greater pelvis and a lesser pelvis
Lesser pelvis
pelvic inlet (terminal line):
Pelvic outlet :
formed by tip of coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament, ischial tuberosity, ramus of ischium, inferior ramus of pubic, symphysis
Pelvic cavity
Pubic arch, subpubic angle
Main difference between male and femal pelvis
Joints of free lower limb
Hip joint
Bones: acetabulum and femoral head
Articular capsule attachments
Above: margins of acetabulum and transverse acetebular ligament
Below: in front to intertrochanteric line; behind, to the neck of femur above 1 cm above the intertrochanteric crest
Accessory structures
Acetabulum labrum; transverse acetebular ligament
Ligaments
Iliofemoral lig.
Ligament of head of femur
Pubofemoral lig.
Ischiofemoral ligament
Zona orbicularis
Movement:
flexion, extention, adduction, abduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction
Knee joint
Bones: lower end of femur, upper end of tibia and patella
Articular capsule: superapatellar bursa,
deep infrapatellar bursa, ala folds
Accessory structures
ligaments
Patellar lig.
Fibular collateral lig.
Tibial collateral lig.
Oblique popliteal ligament
Anterior cruciate ligment
Posterior cruciate ligament
Medial meniscus (C-shaped)
lateral meniscus (O-shaped)
Movements: flexion and extension; flexed knee joint may be passively rotated through 700
Tibiofibular syndesmosis
Tibiofibular joint
Crural interosseous membrane
Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
Joint of foot
Talocrural joint (ankle joint)
Bones: lower ends of tibia and fibula, trochlea of talus
Articular capsule: thin and lax in front and behind, and supported on each side by strong collateral ligaments.
Medial lig.
Lateral lig.
Anterior talofibular lig.
Calcaneofibular lig.
Posterior talofibular lig.
Movements:
dosiflexion (extension) and plantar flexion (flexion); when the ankle joint is fully plantar flexed, small amounts of abduction, and adduction are possible.
Intertarsal joints
Talocalcaneal joint
Talocalcaneonavicular joint
Calcaneocuboid joint
Tarsometatarsal joints
Intermetatarsal joints
Metatarsophalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints
Arches of foot
Medial longitudinal arch:
formed by calcaneus, navicular, three cuneiforms and first to third metatarsal bones, head of talus is the keystone of this arch
Lateral longitudinal arch:
formed by calcaneus, cuboid, fourth and fifth metatarsals; cuboid is the keystone of this arch.
Tranverse arch:
formed by cuboid, three cuniforms and all metatarsals; the intermediate cuneiform is the keystone of this arch
Function: give to foot strength stability and resilience; protect plantar vessels and nerves
Joints of skull
Continuous joints: sutures, synchondrosis or synosteosis
Temporomandibular joint
Aticulating surfaces
Mandibular fossa and articular tubercle, above
Head of mandibule, below
Capsule: thin and lax in front and behind; strengthened by the lateral ligament
Articular disc: separates surfaces, forming upper and lower compartments within joint
Movement: mandible may be elevated or depressed, protruded or retracted; rotation may also occurs as in chewing( a slight amount of side to side movement is also permitted)
Monday, March 9, 2015
The Many Uses and Health Benefits of Rose Hips
Have you seen a Rose with a fruit? The fruit of a Rose plant is called Rose Hip or Rose Haw. These fruits are typically red to orange in color and begin to form in spring, and ripen in late summer through autumn.
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The Many Usages of Rose Hips
- Rose Hips are used as Herbal Tea, Jam, Jelly, Soup, Beverages, Pies, Bread, Wine and Marmalade
- Some Rose species are grown as ornamentals and for the value of their hips.
- Rose Hips are popular healthy treat for pets like guinea pigs
and chinchillas providing the needed vitamin C.
- Dried and powdered forms of Rose Hips are fed to horses at a maximum of 1 tablespoon per day to improve coat condition and new hoof growth.
- Itching powder are manufactured from the fine hairs found inside Rose Hips.
- Dried Rosehips are also sold for primitive crafts and home fragrance purposes.
- Rosehips are scented with essential oils and can be used as a potpourri
room air freshener.
- Rose hips were used in many food preparations by the indigenous peoples of the Americas.
- Rose hips can be used to make Palinka, a traditional Hungarian alcoholic beverage.
- Rose hips are commonly used as a herbal tea
, often blended with hibiscus and as an oil.
- Rosehip Soup, "nyponsoppa," is especially popular in Sweden.
- Rhodomel, a type of mead, is made with Rosehips.
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Medicinal and Health Benefits:
- Rose Hips are particularly high in vitamin C content, one of the richest plant sources available.
- Rose Hips also contain some vitamin A and B, essential fatty acids and antioxidant flavonoids.
- Roe Hips helps in treating rheumatoid arthritis
.
- Rose Hips are used for colds and influenza.
See also
- Effective and Natural Medicines That Can Treat Kidney Disorders and Other Diseases
15 Common Illnesses and the Corresponding Herbal Plant - Health Benefits and Important Uses of Grapes
- 50Amazingly Interesting Facts, Uses and Health Benefits of Hibiscus
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